The risk of secondary poisoning in the soil-worm-bird/mammal approach is predicted to be more critical than the risk of soil Pb affecting plants, invertebrates or microbial processes. The TGD method for predicting risk of secondary poisoning predicts risks at soil Pb concentrations far below background. We assess the risk of Pb secondary poisoning based on critical Pb concentrations in wildlife as measured in hte field. The alternative method is based on comparing critical body burden Pb in mammals with field data. The maximal acceptable Pb con- centration in an organ/tissue that is critical to Pb poisoning will be identified. Field data yield the dosis (Pb in soil)- response (Pb body burden) curve from which an acceptable soil Pb concentration will be deirved. The risk of secodary poisoning will be assessed by calculating the exposure at which the critical organ-Pb value is not exceeded for wildlife.